Participants were read aloud the instructions of the study, which described it as a class project and that participation in the study was voluntary. Experimenters randomly assigned their participants to their five conditions. The entire procedure lasted around 30 minutes.Įach of the eight experimenters took one participant through one of the four conditions (meaning participants only took part in one condition) and an additional participant for one of the conditions as assigned by the instructor. The short-answer test was always administered first to ensure that recall of information from the article was being tested and not recall of information from the multiple- choice test. The order of the questions on each test followed the order in which the tested points were made in the text. 10 short-answer questions were derived from those multiple-choice stems that could easily be restated to produce a question that could be answered unambiguously by a single word or phrase. The tape was played at a moderately loud level.Ī two-page, three-columned article on psychoimmunology (Hales,1984) was selected as the to-be-studied material.ġ6 multiple-choice questions, each consisting of a stem and four alternatives were generated, all of which tested memory for points stated in the text. The background noise consisted of occasional distinct words/phrases embedded within a general conversational hum that was intermixed with the sounds produced by movement of chairs and dishes. The eight cassettes were exact copies made from a master tape of background noise recorded during lunchtime in a university cafeteria. MaterialsĮach experimenter provided his/her own cassette player and headphones. One of the participants had their results removed from the study because they performed a level significantly lower than anyone else, meaning that data point was an outlier and would have skewed the results of the study. The age range of the sample Grant et al. (1998) used was 17-56 years, which a mean of 23.4 years. The sample consisted of 17 females, and 23 males. Each experimenter recruited 5 participants each. The participants were recruited by eight experimenters. Grant et al. (1998) used a laboratory experiment with an independent measures design.ģ9 Participants. (40 participants took part in Grant’s study, but one participant was excluded because their results were significant outliers.) The aim of Grant et al. (1998) was to demostrate the positive effects of context upon memory. This lead Godden and Badderly (1975) to propose the notion that memory is aided by context and they showed that deep sea divers would experience fewer issues with recall if they learned material in the same context, which they would later want to recall it in. Godden and Badderly noticed that deep sea divers would consistently forget things when they were underwater, but upon surfacing, they would soon recall the memory. Godden and Badderly (1975, 1980) are seminal research papers in the area of context-dependent memory. The effects of context-dependent memory make themselves known when you leave a room to do something or get something and then you forget what it was you intended to do, but when you return to the room where you began you remember what it was. You might be even more aware of context-dependent memory than you thought. In this case, the matched context of the colour of the room. According to previous research, you would be better off being tested in a red room than an other coloured room because of the benefits of context upon your memory. Ĭontext-dependent memory is a not a specific type of memory per se, but it instead it refers to the improved memory performance when individuals are tested in the same context in which they learned the tested material.įor example, imagine learning your Psychology studies in a red room. The theme of the cognitive psychology studies in the H167 exam is memory. This study by Grant et al., (1998) focuses on context-dependent memory. This is the contemporary cognitive psychology study which you will look at for your H167 AS OCR Psychology exam. You will also need this study for your OCR H567 A Level Psychology core studies exam. Context-dependent memory for meaningful material: Information for students.
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